"Rise and Fall of Cesar Birotteau" by Honoré de Balzac is a novel published in 1837. A Parisian perfumer of peasant origins achieves remarkable success, earning honors and social standing. But when he becomes entangled in property speculation with borrowed money, hidden betrayals and financial manipulation threaten everything he has built. As debts mount and former allies turn against him, César must confront bankruptcy and fight to restore his honor in a world where middle-class fortunes can collapse overnight. (This is an automatically generated summary.)